ICAO English 有效期
March 23, 2026
成日講ICAO eng, 到底有效期幾耐，邊到搵到答案？ 根據CAD 54: 如果得Level 4 就要3年考一次 而Level 5 就可以6年考一次
香港機場有3條跑道，點樣分配？
March 15, 2026
今日我同好朋友讀書 又收集到樣新知識，就係點樣決定用邊條黎升降呢？ https://www.cad.gov.hk/english/ac_path.html The Three-Runway System (3RS) commenced operations on 28 November 2024. At present, the HKIA has three runways (commonly called the North Runway, the Centre Runway and the South Runway) running northeast to southwest. Under normal circumstances, the 3RS at the HKIA is operated according to the primary mode of operation outlined in
Adjustable-pitch propeller power control sequence
March 10, 2026
Reference: https://krepelka.com/fsweb/lessons/commercial/commerciallessons01.htm
一文搞清: Backfiring , Afterfiring, Over-lean, Over-rich, Pre-ignition, Detonation
February 26, 2026
Backfiring fuel-air mixture is ignited in intake manifold indicate over-lean mixture Afterfiring fuel-air mixture is ignited in exhaust system lot of black smoke and bright orange flame induced at the exhaust pipe indicate over-rich mixture, or no-ignition Over-lean incorrect mixture – air is far more than fuel can induce backfiring and detonation Over-rich incorrect
What’s Adiabatic Compression (Adiabatic Heating)?
February 22, 2026
Adiabatic compression occurs when a gas is compressed without any heat exchange with the environment. This means that while the gas is being compressed, it does not lose or gain heat from its surroundings.
What’s Adiabatic expansion (and Adiabatic cooling)?
February 22, 2026
Adiabatic expansion refers to a process in which a gas expands without exchanging heat with its surroundings. This means that no heat enters or leaves the system during the expansion. When a gas expands in this way, its internal energy decreases, which can lead to a drop in temperature.
What’s Control Surface?
February 10, 2026
What’s Control Surface? A control surface is a movable part at the trailing edge of an airfoil that helps control its orientation and movement in flight.
Function of Aircraft Oil?
February 3, 2026
Key Functions of Aircraft Oil: Lubrication: Creates a thin film between moving parts to reduce wear and friction. Cooling: Transfers heat away from hot engine components, acting as a primary cooling system that can handle up to 50% of the total engine cooling needs. Cleaning: Picks up contaminants (dirt, carbon, metal particles) and carries them
Engines 101: The Basics of How Engines Work
February 1, 2026
4-Stroke & 2-Stroke Engine | Its Parts & Working Explained Camshaft, Crankshaft, rpm? Normal aspirate vs Turbocharger Engine?
Engine failure “procedures“
January 31, 2026
“ABCDE” procedures: Training for this is usually done over or close to a suitable landing area. The best instructors will teach you how to always be looking for a place to land—just to be prepared. Ref: Flying Magazine Jan 2026 by MEG GODLEWSKI
How Does Lowering Flaps Affect an Airplane’s Angle of Attack (AOA)?
January 31, 2026
Lowering flaps increases the wing’s camber and allows the aircraft to fly at a smaller angle of attack (AOA) Flaps Lowered Take this wing, starting in a clean configuration. When the pilot lowers the flaps, two things immediately happen: the wing camber and the AOA both increase. However, to maintain certain required lift, the AOA must be reduced… so
Rate of Turn (ROT), Radius of Turn
January 29, 2026
maximum permissible load factor at the stall speed for : 1) minimum radius 2) maximum ROT ROT 反比Radius of turn The rate of turn is directly proportional to the angle of bank and inversely proportional to the TAS which means that for maximum rate of turn, the angle of bank must be as large as
Balance tab vs Anti-balance tab
January 27, 2026
Balance tab is NOT Trim tab! balance tab’s movement is linked to the primary surface’s position, while a trim tab stays in a fixed position until adjusted. Balance tabs are rigged to operate automatically with application of the elevator and assist the pilot in reducing the control force necessary to move the elevator. They work in much the
What’s Speed Instability, region of reverse command, backside of the power curve ?
January 27, 2026
Introduction – why pilot should know these phases? What Is “Speed Instability”? Speed Instability, region of reverse command, backside of the power curve are just different terms to describe same topic! reverse command is encountered at low airspeed. It is also known as the back of the power curve, and is normally situated below the
What affects stall speed?
January 24, 2026
Use Lift formular to assist in explanation: Lift = CL S 1/2 V2 Factors: Load Factor Weight Contamination on wing Power (Slipstream) Flaps https://youtu.be/2iQttM-b-pQ?si=M-wi8MUfxjqtsgLw
Surface wind, Geostrophic wind, Upper wind (thermal wind)
January 24, 2026
What’s wind? horizontal movement of air due to pressure differences in various places Surface wind is the geostrophic wind modified by friction Geostrophic wind is the wind of which direction parallel to straight isobar. The strength is depended on spacing between isobars Upper wind (thermal wind) is determined by thermal gradient. For example, the jet
What’s Jet Stream?
January 22, 2026
jet stream is a high speed, narrow band of westerly wind at high altitude ! 題外話： 重推本文係因為我study buddy 同我溫書後，我覺得吾太熟呢個topic! 😆 How fast (is the speed) of a jet stream? Typical jet stream can has a speed of 100 KT to 200 KT! BUT minimum at least 60KT Fact check info on https://skybrary.aero/articles/jet-stream#:~:text=A%20second%20jet%20stream%20sometimes,particularly%20over%20south-east%20Asia. How high of the
晨讀及溫故知新系列： FCOM/CCOM
September 9, 2025
我覺得AViation 界最成功就係個個演員除左要有咁上下應變力，就係劇組有比稿 FCOM : Flight Crew Operating Manual CCOM : Cabin Crew Operating Manual The Flight Crew Operating Manual (FCOM) is issued by the manufacturer as a guideline for operators to develop their own Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) in accordance with applicable requirements. This source document incorporates aircraft manufacturer guidance on how to use the systems on board
溫故知新系列之： Threat, Hazard, Risk
September 4, 2025
我吾甘心只做SO , 我要做Captain 😗 https://www.icao.int/sites/default/files/APAC/Meetings/2025/2025%20APWHMWG7/Workshop%20Presentations/2-1_ICAO-WHM-Wkshop_2025_Ash_Hazards-Threats-and-Risks.pdf https://www.casa.gov.au/operations-safety-and-travel/safety-management-systems/sector-safety-risk-profiles/using-our-bowtie-risk-analysis#Readingabowtieanalysis 今早坐車睇下文章見到Airbus 刊物有呢句： A lithium battery fire during flight is a significantly growing threat due to the increasing number of portable electronic devices carried by aircraft occupants. 突然令我唸返自己做左太耐港式既safety，忘了International language…In aviation safety management, we have more and more concepts. the hazard: something with the potential to cause risk the top event: in the middle
溫故知新系列之 Propeller System
August 30, 2025
呢個禮拜就睇下Propeller System Fixed-Pitch Propeller Low Pitch (high rpm) for climb High Pitch (low rpm) for cruise The climb propeller has a lower pitch, therefore less drag. Less drag results in higher rpm and more horsepower capability, which increases performance during takeoffs and climbs but decreases performance during cruising flight. The cruise propeller has a higher
