Hyperventilation
May 11, 2024
Ref: https://skybrary.aero/articles/hyperventilation Symptoms of hyperventilation Tingling stiffening spasm visual impairment anxiety dizziness unconsciousness Hyperventilation vs Hypoxia below 10,000 feet in general (in contrast, hypoxia at high level) Treatment administer oxygen paper bag method
Hypoxia
May 11, 2024
Four (4) major types of hypoxia –> Cause: Hypoxic Hypoxia –> Altitude insufficient O2 in breathing air Hypaemic (Anaemic) Hypoxia –> Blood Reduction in the O2 carrying capacity of the blood Stagnant Hypoxia –> Circulation inadequate circulation (e.g during positive-G manoeuvres) Histototic Hypoxia –>Drug alcohol, certain poisons Symptoms of hypoxia peripheral vision -> blur
Human Factor
May 11, 2024
History of human factors It’s better to lose one minute of your life than losing your life in one minute Examples: Germanwings Flight 9525 Crash Tenerife 1977 Asiana Flight 214
Crew Resource Management (CRM)
May 10, 2024
CRM – Crew Resource Management The application of team management concepts in the flight deck environment. It was initially known as cockpit resources management, but as CRM programs evolved to include cabin crews, maintenance personnel, and others, the phrase crew resource management was adopted. This includes single pilots, as in the most general aviation aircraft.
Mach Crit (Mcrit)?
May 10, 2024
Ref FAA PHAK 5-45 What’s Mcrit – Mach Crit? Ans: airflow over any part of the aircraft or structure under consideration first reaches (but does not exceed) Mach 1.0. Design of increase Mcrit (delay occurrence of shock wave) ? Thin airfoil (reduce the thickness) drawbacks: reduce the wing tank volumn Sweepback drawbacks: need to
Sweepback
May 10, 2024
Ref FAA PHAK What’s sweepback? Ans: the wind tilted backward Feature of sweepback? sweep back design is common for modern airliner (for transonic flight) sweep back design has significance on the movement around longitudinal axis (lateral stability) Important: don’t mix up “Sweepback” with “Taper” Taper: decrease of thickness and/or chord from wing root to wing
Shock wave
May 10, 2024
Ref FAA PHAK 5-47 What’s Shock wave? Ans: The boundary between the region of compressed air and undisturbed air. Or we can say it is the boundary between supersonic and subsonic range. Ref: https://youtu.be/N3SwZzb5EpA?si=HIXfwRaunRA7VfxQ
Mach number – Sonic, subsonic, transonic?
May 10, 2024
Ref FAA PHAK 5-44 to 5-51 Mach number is a kind of true airspeed indication method, it makes relationship with local speed of sound (LSS). Mach number = True Airspeed / Local Speed of Sound (LSS) LSS = 39 x sq root of Temperature (K) Note: C + 273 = K By FAA book’s
Question: if you are a load control officer, forward CG or aft CG is better for performance?
May 6, 2024
Provided that the aircraft remain with safe envelope, in general, aft CG (load cargo at rear compartment) has better performance. An aft center of gravity position/hold loading, for aircraft (especially jet/swept wing) with a nose-up en route attitude will allow it to achieve its maximum possible range. An aft center of gravity position, normally is
Comparison of modern airliner
May 6, 2024
https://www.flightglobal.com/analysis/analysis-can-the-a350-1000-live-up-to-airbuss-expectations/123250.article https://www.flightglobal.com/air-transport/airbus-details-range-expectations-from-latest-a350-1000-weight-increase/155580.article Airbus details range expectations from latest A350-1000 weight increase The airframer is raising the take-off weight to 322t – an increase of 3t – and says this will stretch the aircraft’s range to some 8,900nm at maximum passenger payload. https://www.cathaypacific.com/cx/zh_HK/inspiration/cathay-stories/cathay-pacifics-airbus-a350-things-to-know.html 國泰航空空中巴士A350-1000: 你需要知道的一切
Cathay Pacific becomes second operator of the A350-1000 widebody
May 6, 2024
https://www.mroglobal-online.com/cathay-pacific-becomes-second-operator-a350-1000-widebody/ Paul Loo, Cathay Pacific Chief Customer and Commercial Officer, says: “We already have one of the youngest long-haul fleets in the sky, and with the arrival of the A350-1000, our fleet is only going to get younger. The aircraft follows the successful entry of the A350-900 variant which has enabled us to expand our
What’s “isogonic line” and “agonic line”?
May 6, 2024
Isogonic line: lines on chart showing the places where have same magnetic variation. Agonic line: lines on chart showing the places where magnetic variation is zero. What’s Variation, Deviation?
一次搞清幾時True heading 幾時Magnetic heading
May 5, 2024
Ref https://www.casa.gov.au/resources-and-education/publications/industry-guides/pilot-guides/visual-flight-rules-guide With reference to AIP HKG GEN 2.1 With reference to AIP Australia GEN 2.1: With reference to CASA Visual Flight Rules Guide (VFRG): Wind – ref to True: Aerodrome weather and forecast Grid point wind and temperature (GPWT) forecast Notes: also ref AIP GEN 3.50 Wind – ref to Magnetic: Aerodrome weather
Magnetic Compass
May 5, 2024
Ref https://www.aviation.govt.nz/licensing-and-certification/pilots/flight-training/flight-instructor-guide/compass-use/ A magnet bar that is freely suspended horizontally will swing so that its axis points roughly north-south. The end of the magnet that points toward the earth’s north magnetic pole is called the north-seeking pole of the magnet. What’s Variation, Deviation?
Errors on gyroscope instrument – Wander = Real Wander + Total apparent Wander
May 5, 2024
“Wander” – describe the situation when the gyroscope’s spin axis away from its fixed direction (reference datum) Due to its rigidity, the spin axis of a perfect gyro should continue to point in a fixed direction. Any movement of the spin axis away from this fixed direction is known as gyro wander. Depending on the
Slip v.s Skid on Inclinometer (coordination ball)
May 5, 2024
Ref Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, FAA-H-8083-25C (Full Version) Chapter 5 Correct by step on the ball Ball at higher wing – skid : Tail out from turning radius – indicated by ball to higher wing Centrifugal force greater than horizontal lift Correct by reduce the ROT (rate of turn) AND/OR increase in bank
What’s gimbal in gyroscope instrument?
May 5, 2024
Ref Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, FAA-H-8083-25C (Full Version) Chapter 8 What’s gimbal? Ans: the component which can limits the planes in which the gyro can tilt. Ref https://www.pilot18.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/2-INS-Gyro-Instruments.pdf Gyro types depend on the number of planes of freedom of movement. Freedom of movement is achieved by mounting the gyro in gimbal rings. Space
