{"id":8542,"date":"2024-06-09T12:26:07","date_gmt":"2024-06-09T04:26:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/?p=8542"},"modified":"2024-06-15T14:17:39","modified_gmt":"2024-06-15T06:17:39","slug":"whats-el-nino-and-la-nina-%e5%8e%84%e7%88%be%e5%b0%bc%e8%ab%be-%e6%8b%89%e5%b0%bc%e5%a8%9c-%e8%81%96%e5%ac%b0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/aviation\/whats-el-nino-and-la-nina-%e5%8e%84%e7%88%be%e5%b0%bc%e8%ab%be-%e6%8b%89%e5%b0%bc%e5%a8%9c-%e8%81%96%e5%ac%b0\/","title":{"rendered":"What&#8217;s El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a? \u5384\u723e\u5c3c\u8afe? \u62c9\u5c3c\u5a1c? \u8056\u5b30?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>\u751f\u5b57 learn from these videos:<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Extreme natural events<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Bush fire \u5c71\u706b<\/p>\n<p>Heat waves<\/p>\n<p>Drought \u4e7e\u65f1<\/p>\n<p>Floods<\/p>\n<p>Cyclones<\/p>\n<p>coral bleaching (<span class=\"Y2IQFc\" lang=\"zh-TW\">\u73ca\u745a\u767d\u5316)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Reference:<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bom.gov.au\/climate\/about\/?bookmark=enso\">El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation (ENSO)<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"embed-container\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Understanding ENSO\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/dzat16LMtQk?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<div class='gallery'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a data-rel=\"prettyPhoto\"  href='https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Negative-ENSO-La-Nina.png'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"717\" height=\"542\" src=\"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Negative-ENSO-La-Nina.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-8571\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Negative-ENSO-La-Nina.png 717w, https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Negative-ENSO-La-Nina-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Negative-ENSO-La-Nina-290x220.png 290w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 717px) 100vw, 717px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-8571'>\n\t\t\t\tLa Nina: Trade winds strengthen, increasing the temperature of the warm water north of Australia. Cloudiness and rainfall north of Australia are enhanced, typically leading to above average winter\u2013spring rainfall for eastern and central parts of the country, and a wetter start to the northern wet season.\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a data-rel=\"prettyPhoto\"  href='https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Neutral-ENSO.png'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"711\" height=\"535\" src=\"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Neutral-ENSO.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-8570\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Neutral-ENSO.png 711w, https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Neutral-ENSO-300x226.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 711px) 100vw, 711px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-8570'>\n\t\t\t\tNeutral: Trade winds push warm surface water to the west and help draw up deeper, cooler water in the east. The warmest waters in the equatorial Pacific build up to the north of Australia and that area become the focus for cloudiness and rainfall.\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a data-rel=\"prettyPhoto\"  href='https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Positive-ENSO-El-Nino.png'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"722\" height=\"547\" src=\"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Positive-ENSO-El-Nino.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-8572\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Positive-ENSO-El-Nino.png 722w, https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Positive-ENSO-El-Nino-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Positive-ENSO-El-Nino-290x220.png 290w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 722px) 100vw, 722px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-8572'>\n\t\t\t\tEl Nino: Trade winds weaken (or reverse) and warmer surface water builds up in the central Pacific. Cloudiness and rainfall north of Australia are supressed, typically leading to below average winter\u2013spring rainfall for eastern parts of the country, and a drier start to the northern wet season.\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Swing (shifts\/ changes) between phases<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>El Nino<\/li>\n<li>Neutral<\/li>\n<li>La Nina<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Notes: can divided into more phases, but in general, there are three &#8220;status&#8221;.<\/p>\n<div class=\"embed-container\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"El Nino and La Nina\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ifGOjSTwbM8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p><em>Knowledge from this clip:<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Effect of <strong>La Nina event<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Eastern pacific ocean, trade wind blowing from east to west, push warm surface water to western pacficic ocean. Then, the water in western Pacific ocean is relatively warmer than eastern Pcific ocean. Above the sea, on the surface, warm air rises and then cause an atmospheric circulation patterns (known as &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bom.gov.au\/climate\/about\/australian-climate-influences.shtml?bookmark=walkercirculation\">Walker circulation<\/a>&#8220;).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>La Nina event tends to bring above-average rainfall to eastern Australia;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Effect of <strong>El Nino event\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>When the trade wind weakening (the &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bom.gov.au\/climate\/about\/australian-climate-influences.shtml?bookmark=walkercirculation\">Walker circulation<\/a>&#8221; breaks down&#8221;), or even reversing, then the warm water will piles up at the middle of the Pacific ocean.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Eastern Australia, there is a greater chance of droughts and bush fires<\/li>\n<li>Cost of South America or somewhere nearby (e.g Phenoix, Arizona) has relatively more above-average rainfall, floods, and even hurricanes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Cycle of La Nian \/ El Nino events and the pattern<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Each La Nian \/ El Nino events lasts about 6-12 months and it takes on average 4 years to cycle from one to another and back again<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"embed-container\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"El Ni\u00f1o 101 | National Geographic\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/d6s0T0m3F8s?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p><em>Knowledge from this clip:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>El Nino event occurs when the sufrace temperature at equatorial Pacific Ocean rises 0.5 degree Celsius in three consecutive months, plus (and) the rainfall patterns and atmospheric conditions have significant changes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Also reference:<a href=\"https:\/\/ocean.si.edu\/planet-ocean\/el-nino-explained-understanding-forces-shaping-2023-24-winter-weather\">El Ni\u00f1o Explained: Understanding the Forces Shaping 2023-24 Winter Weather\u00a0 | Smithsonian Ocean (si.edu)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>How can scientists predict El Ni\u00f1o events? \u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nEl Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a are classified by precise measurements of the water temperatures in the east-central equatorial Pacific Ocean. El Ni\u00f1o events occur when there is a temperature increase of at least 0.5 degrees Celsius across five overlapping three-month periods. These temperature measurements are taken by <strong>National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)<\/strong> <strong>buoys<\/strong> equipped with thermometers, which are in<strong> about 70 locations.<\/strong> El Ni\u00f1o events can <strong>also<\/strong> be anticipated via <strong>National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/news\/international-ocean-satellite-monitors-how-el-nino-is-shaping-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-extlink=\"\">satellite measurements<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>that<strong> detect sea surface height<\/strong> (the ocean height rises as temperatures warm up, since warmer water expands to fill more volume). Scientists then use the Oceanic Ni\u00f1o Index to measure deviations from normal sea surface temperature. The higher the temperature changes, the \u201cstronger\u201d the El Ni\u00f1o, according to the Oceanic Ni\u00f1o Index. <strong>Informally, a 0.5\u20130.9 degree Celsius change equates to a weak El Ni\u00f1o<\/strong>, a 1.0\u20131.4 \u00a0degree Celsius change moderate, above 1.5 degrees Celsius for a strong El Ni\u00f1o, and over 2.0 degrees Celsius for a \u201chistorically strong\u201d effect.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8556 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/El-Nino-definition.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1176\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/El-Nino-definition.png 1176w, https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/El-Nino-definition-300x218.png 300w, https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/El-Nino-definition-1024x743.png 1024w, https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/El-Nino-definition-768x557.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1176px) 100vw, 1176px\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"embed-container\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"El Nino - What is it?\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/WPA-KpldDVc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p><em>Knowledge from this clip:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Upwelling<\/strong> is a process in which deep, cold water rises toward the surface.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"display-4 mb-0 pb-0\">Also reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/oceanservice.noaa.gov\/facts\/upwelling.html#:~:text=Upwelling%20is%20a%20process%20in%20which%20deep%2C%20cold,the%20coast%20when%20winds%20blow%20along%20the%20shore.\">What is upwelling? (noaa.gov)<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Other reference:<\/p>\n<div class=\"embed-container\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a| Earth systems and resources| AP Environmental science| Khan Academy\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/U2-ACg2kbTA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>More &#8211;<\/p>\n<p>Check the current ENSO outlook &#8211; wheter it is La Ni\u00f1a or El Nino:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0in; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bom.gov.au\/climate\/enso\/outlook\/\"><span lang=\"zh-HK\">ENSO Outlook \u2013 an alert system for the El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation (bom.gov.au)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u751f\u5b57 learn from these videos: Extreme natural events Bush fire \u5c71\u706b Heat waves Drought \u4e7e\u65f1 Floods Cyclones coral bleaching (\u73ca\u745a\u767d\u5316) &nbsp; Reference:El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) &nbsp; Swing (shifts\/ changes) between phases El Nino Neutral La Nina Notes: can divided into more phases, but in general, there are three &#8220;status&#8221;. Knowledge from this clip: Effect<a class=\"read-more \" href=\"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/aviation\/whats-el-nino-and-la-nina-%e5%8e%84%e7%88%be%e5%b0%bc%e8%ab%be-%e6%8b%89%e5%b0%bc%e5%a8%9c-%e8%81%96%e5%ac%b0\/\" title=\"Read More\"> <span class=\"button default\">Read More<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[68,64,72],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8542","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-atpl-knowledge","category-aviation","category-meteorology"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8542","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8542"}],"version-history":[{"count":23,"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8542\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8619,"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8542\/revisions\/8619"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8542"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8542"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8542"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}