{"id":8510,"date":"2024-06-08T16:21:24","date_gmt":"2024-06-08T08:21:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/?p=8510"},"modified":"2024-06-09T14:22:02","modified_gmt":"2024-06-09T06:22:02","slug":"four-seasons-at-%e7%9a%84%e4%b8%80%e5%b9%b4%e5%9b%9b%e5%ad%a3-%e6%82%a8%e9%99%a4%e5%b7%a6%e5%8e%bb%e9%a3%9b-%e9%83%bd%e5%8f%af%e4%bb%a5%e4%ba%86%e8%a7%a3%e4%b8%8b%e4%ba%ba%e5%9c%b0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/aviation\/four-seasons-at-%e7%9a%84%e4%b8%80%e5%b9%b4%e5%9b%9b%e5%ad%a3-%e6%82%a8%e9%99%a4%e5%b7%a6%e5%8e%bb%e9%a3%9b-%e9%83%bd%e5%8f%af%e4%bb%a5%e4%ba%86%e8%a7%a3%e4%b8%8b%e4%ba%ba%e5%9c%b0\/","title":{"rendered":"Four Seasons at … (… \u7684\u4e00\u5e74\u56db\u5b63) : \u60a8\u9664\u5de6\u53bb\u98db…\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u4e0b\u4eba\u5730\u65e2\u5730\u65b9\u5ac1\u9ebb~"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hong Kong<\/h1>\n

Definition of seasons \uff5cHong Kong Observatory(HKO)\uff5cEducational Resources<\/a><\/p>\n

Background<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
\u9999\u6e2f\u4f4d\u65bc\u4e9e\u71b1\u5e36<\/strong>\uff0c\u4e00\u5e74\u4e2d\u4ea6\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6c23\u5019\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e00\u3001\u4e8c\u6708\u8f03\u51b7\uff0c\u4e03\u3001\u516b\u6708\u5247\u8f03\u71b1\uff0c\u516d\u81f3\u516b\u6708\u8f03\u70ba\u591a\u96e8\uff0c\u800c\u5341\u4e00\u3001\u5341\u4e8c\u6708\u5247\u8f03\u4e7e\u71e5\u53ca\u96f2\u91cf\u8f03\u5c11\u3002\u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u9999\u6e2f\u5929\u6587\u53f0\u63a1\u7528\u300c\u6c23\u8c61\u5b63\u7bc0\u300d\u4f86\u5283\u5206\u56db\u5b63<\/strong>\uff0c\u4e26\u63d0\u4f9b\u5404\u5b63\u7bc0\u7684\u6c23\u5019\u8cc7\u6599\u5206\u6790\u548c\u6c23\u5019\u670d\u52d9\uff0c\u5176\u7bc4\u570d\u5305\u62ec\u5b63\u7bc0\u9810\u6e2c\u3001\u8da8\u52e2\u5206\u6790\u3001\u6392\u540d\u8a08\u7b97\u3001\u6c23\u5019\u8b8a\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u7b49\u3002\u300c\u6c23\u8c61\u5b63\u7bc0\u300d\u662f\u5c07\u4e00\u5e74\u5206\u70ba\u56db\u500b\u9577\u5ea6\u5927\u81f4\u76f8\u7b49\u7684\u6642\u6bb5\uff08\u5373\u6bcf\u4e09\u500b\u6708\u70ba\u4e00\u6bb5\uff09<\/strong>\uff0c\u4ee5\u5317\u534a\u7403\u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u6700\u6eab\u6696\u548c\u6700\u51b7\u7684\u6642\u6bb5\u5206\u5225\u6307\u5b9a\u70ba\u590f\u5b63\uff08\u516d\u6708\u3001\u4e03\u6708\u548c\u516b\u6708\uff09\u548c\u51ac\u5b63\uff08\u5341\u4e8c\u6708\u3001\u4e00\u6708\u548c\u4e8c\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u4ecb\u4e4e\u65bc\u590f\u5b63\u548c\u51ac\u5b63\u4e4b\u9593\u5c31\u662f\u79cb\u5b63\uff08\u4e5d\u6708\u3001\u5341\u6708\u548c\u5341\u4e00\u6708\uff09\u548c\u6625\u5b63\uff08\u4e09\u6708\u3001\u56db\u6708\u548c\u4e94\u6708\uff09\u3002\u9019\u500b\u5b9a\u7fa9\u4ea6\u8207\u9999\u6e2f30\u5e74\uff081981-2010\uff09\u6708\u5e73\u5747\u6c23\u6eab\uff08\u57161\uff09\u6240\u63cf\u7e6a\u7684\u5e74\u5ea6\u6eab\u5ea6\u9031\u671f\u5927\u81f4\u543b\u5408\uff0c\u5373\u516d\u6708\u3001\u4e03\u6708\u548c\u516b\u6708\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6700\u71b1\u7684\u4e09\u500b\u6708\uff0c\u800c\u5341\u4e8c\u6708\u3001\u4e00\u6708\u548c\u4e8c\u6708\u662f\u4e00\u5e74\u4e2d\u6700\u51b7\u7684\u4e09\u500b\u6708\u3002<\/div>\n
\u4f7f\u7528\u300c\u6c23\u8c61\u5b63\u7bc0\u300d\u7684\u512a\u9ede\u662f\u6bcf\u5e74\u7684\u5b63\u7bc0\u9577\u5ea6\u548c\u5b63\u7bc0\u958b\u59cb\u6642\u9593\u5927\u81f4\u4e0d\u8b8a\uff0c\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u5206\u6790\u3001\u7d50\u679c\u6bd4\u8f03\u548c\u670d\u52d9\u7522\u54c1\u767c\u5c55\u4e0a\u8f03\u70ba\u7c21\u55ae\u65b9\u4fbf\u3002\u800c\u516c\u773e\u548c\u7279\u5225\u7528\u6236\u4ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bb9\u6613\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u76f8\u95dc\u6578\u64da\u548c\u7522\u54c1\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6c23\u5019\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5982\u5317\u4eac\u6c23\u5019\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u6b50\u6d32\u4e2d\u671f\u5929\u6c23\u9810\u5831\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u6c23\u8c61\u5ef3\u3001\u7f8e\u570b\u570b\u5bb6\u6d77\u6d0b\u548c\u5927\u6c23\u7ba1\u7406\u5c40\u7b49\u4e5f\u57fa\u65bc\u300c\u6c23\u8c61\u5b63\u7bc0\u300d\u4f86\u9032\u884c\u6c23\u5019\u5206\u6790\u548c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e9b\u6c23\u5019\u670d\u52d9\u3002<\/div>\n
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<\/div>\n
\n
Hong Kong’s climate is sub-tropical<\/strong> with different climatic characteristics throughout the year. For example, January and February are colder<\/strong>, July and August are hotter<\/strong>, June to August are rainier<\/strong>, while November and December are drier and less cloudy.<\/strong> Currently, the Hong Kong Observatory adopts “meteorological seasons” approach<\/strong> to divide the four seasons and provide climate data analysis and climate services in Hong Kong (e.g. seasonal predictions, trend analysis, ranking calculations, climate change studies, etc.). The definition of “meteorological seasons” refers to the partition of a year into four periods of roughly equal length (i.e. three months as a period).<\/strong> For the Northern Hemisphere, the warmest and coldest periods are respectively designated as Summer (June, July and August)<\/strong> and Winter (December, January and February)<\/strong>, and the in-between periods as Autumn (September, October and November) and Spring (March, April and May). This definition is generally in line with the annual temperature cycle depicted by the 30-year (1981 – 2010) monthly mean temperatures in Hong Kong (Figure 1), i.e. June, July and August are usually the three hottest months, while December, January and February are the three coldest months in a year.<\/div>\n
The merit of using “meteorological seasons” is that the length of the seasons and the start time of the seasons are generally unchanged. It will be simpler and more convenient for research analysis, results comparison and development of service products. It is also easier for the public and special users to understand and use relevant data and products. Major climate centres in the world, such as Beijing Climate Center, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Japan Meteorological Agency, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, also adopt “meteorological seasons” in climate monitoring and some of their climate services.<\/div>\n
In addition to “meteorological seasons”, some researchers and meteorological agencies also use different meteorological elements and indices to determine the “four seasons” and other specially defined seasons. For example, using running average of daily temperatures to determine the commencement date of the four seasons in a year, using rainfall amount to identify the beginning of the rainy season, and utilising the key features of the monsoon hydrologic cycle to assess the onset time of the monsoon seasons. This observational-based approach in defining seasons is generally more complicated and more commonly used for research purposes. Moreover, the start and end dates of a season as calculated by such approach usually vary significantly from year to year, and the same approach may not be directly applicable to different regions.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
The Year’s Weather \u2013 2023\uff5cHong Kong Observatory(HKO)\uff5cThe Year’s Weather<\/a><\/div>\n
\n

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2022\u5e74\u7684\u62c9\u5c3c\u5a1c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6301\u7e8c\u81f32023\u5e741\u6708\u3002\u8d64\u9053\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u4e2d\u90e8\u53ca\u6771\u90e8\u6c34\u6eab\u5728\u96a8\u5f8c\u7684\u6708\u4efd\u6301\u7e8c\u4e0a\u5347\u3002\u4e00\u6b21\u5384\u723e\u5c3c\u8afe\u4e8b\u4ef6\u57282023\u5e748\u6708\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u4e26\u6301\u7e8c\u81f3\u5e74\u5e95\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u5929\u6587\u53f0\u65bc12\u670823\u65e5\u9304\u5f97\u5168\u5e74\u6700\u4f4e\u6c23\u6eab8.1\u5ea6\u3002\u5168\u5e74\u5bd2\u51b7\u5929\u6c23[5]<\/sup>\u65e5\u6578\u70ba14\u5929\uff0c\u8f031991-2020\u5e74\u6b63\u5e38\u503c\u5c111.2\u5929\u3002<\/p>\n

2023\u5e74\u6625\u5b63\u53ca\u590f\u5b63\u7684\u96e8\u91cf\u8f03\u5c11\uff0c\u800c\u79cb\u5b63\u5247\u975e\u5e38\u591a\u96e8\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u6b78\u56e0\u65bc\u79cb\u5b63\u7684\u7834\u7d00\u9304\u96e8\u91cf\uff0c2023\u5e74\u672c\u6e2f\u7684\u5168\u5e74\u96e8\u91cf\u70ba2,774.5\u6beb\u7c73\uff0c\u8f031991-2020\u5e74\u6b63\u5e38\u503c2,431.2\u6beb\u7c73\u9ad8\u7d04\u767e\u5206\u4e4b14\u3002\u5e74\u5167\u5929\u6587\u53f0\u66fe\u767c\u51fa\u516b\u6b21\u7d05\u8272\u66b4\u96e8\u8b66\u544a\u53ca\u5169\u6b21\u9ed1\u8272\u66b4\u96e8\u8b66\u544a\u30022023\u5e74\u7684\u96f7\u66b4\u65e5\u6578\u70ba40\u5929\uff0c\u8f031991-2020\u5e74\u6b63\u5e38\u503c\u5c11\u7d042\u5929\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

2023\u5e74\u5171\u670919\u500b\u71b1\u5e36\u6c23\u65cb\u5f71\u97ff\u5317\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u897f\u90e8\u53ca\u5357\u6d77\uff0c\u8f03\u9577\u671f(1961-2020\u5e74)\u5e73\u5747\u7684\u7d0430\u500b\u70ba\u5c11\u3002\u5168\u5e74\u670911\u500b\u71b1\u5e36\u6c23\u65cb\u9054\u5230\u98b1\u98a8\u6216\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5f37\u5ea6[6]<\/sup>\uff0c\u4f4e\u65bc\u9577\u671f\u5e73\u5747\u7684\u7d0415\u500b\uff0c\u7576\u4e2d\u67095\u500b\u71b1\u5e36\u6c23\u65cb\u9054\u5230\u8d85\u5f37\u98b1\u98a8\u5f37\u5ea6 (\u4e2d\u5fc3\u9644\u8fd1\u6700\u9ad8\u5341\u5206\u9418\u6301\u7e8c\u98a8\u901f\u9054\u5230\u6bcf\u5c0f\u6642185\u516c\u91cc\u6216\u4ee5\u4e0a)\u3002\u672c\u6e2f\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5e74\u5167\u67095\u500b\u71b1\u5e36\u6c23\u65cb\u4ee4\u5929\u6587\u53f0\u9700\u8981\u767c\u51fa\u71b1\u5e36\u6c23\u65cb\u8b66\u544a\u4fe1\u865f\uff0c\u7a0d\u5c11\u65bc\u9577\u671f\u5e74\u5e73\u5747\u7684\u7d046\u500b\u3002\u5929\u6587\u53f0\u57289\u6708\u8607\u62c9\u300110\u6708\u5c0f\u72ac\u53ca7\u6708\u6cf0\u5229\u5439\u8972\u672c\u6e2f\u671f\u9593\u5206\u5225\u767c\u51fa\u5341\u865f\u98b6\u98a8\u4fe1\u865f\u3001\u4e5d\u865f\u70c8\u98a8\u6216\u66b4\u98a8\u98a8\u529b\u589e\u5f37\u4fe1\u865f\u53ca\u516b\u865f\u70c8\u98a8\u6216\u66b4\u98a8\u4fe1\u865f\u3002<\/p>\n

\n

Temerature<\/span><\/p>\n

Globally, 2023 is likely to be the warmest year on record<\/strong> according to the World Meteorological Organization\u2019s preliminary assessment. Global mean sea level continued to rise, reaching a new record high in 2023. Over the Arctic, sea-ice extent remained well below average in the year and the minimum sea-ice extent in September was the sixth lowest in the satellite record. In 2023, different parts of the world were ravaged by various extreme weather events, including heatwaves in many parts of the world, including Europe, North Africa, southern China, Japan and much of Southeast Asia; severe drought in northwestern Africa, the Greater Horn of Africa region, parts of the Iberian Peninsula, parts of central and southwest Asia, many parts of Central America, northern South America, parts of Canada and the United States; extreme rainfall triggered severe flooding in China, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Greece, southern Bulgaria, parts of T\u00fcrkiye, northeastern Libya, Spain, and the North Island of New Zealand; and severe damages and heavy casualties brought by tropical cyclones in Mozambique, Malawi, Madagascar, Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, India, Bangladesh, the Philippines and China. Rampant wildfires also wreaked great havoc in Greece, Hawaii and Canada.<\/p>\n

The La Ni\u00f1a event of 2022 lasted till January 2023. Sea surface temperatures of the central and eastern equatorial Pacific continued to increase in the following months. An El Ni\u00f1o event was established in August 2023 and persisted through to the end of the year.<\/p>\n

In Hong Kong<\/strong>, with all twelve months warmer than usual, 2023 was one of the second warmest years on record with the annual mean temperature<\/strong> reaching 24.5 degrees<\/strong>, 1.0 degree above the 1991-2020 normal[1]<\/sup>. The annual mean minimum temperature of 22.6 degrees and annual mean maximum temperature of 27.2 degrees were respectively one of the highest and one of the second highest since records began in 1884. In particular, the mean temperature for summer (June to August) reached 29.7 degrees, the highest on record. The highest temperature recorded at the Hong Kong Observatory in the year was 36.1 degrees on 27 July, one of the third highest on record. There were 54 Very Hot Days[2]<\/sup>, 56 Hot Nights[3]<\/sup>\u00a0and 4 Extremely Hot Days[4]<\/sup>\u00a0in Hong Kong in 2023, respectively ranking one of the highest, the second highest and one of the fifth highest on record.<\/p>\n

The lowest temperature recorded at the Observatory in the year was 8.1 degrees on 23 December. The number of Cold Days[5]<\/sup> in the year was 14 days, 1.2 days less than the 1991-2020 normal.<\/p>\n

Rainfall<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

2023 was characterised by a dry spring and summer, and very wet autumn. Mainly attributing to the record-breaking rainfall in autumn, the annual total rainfall in 2023 was 2774.5 millimetres, about 14 percent above the 1991-2020 normal of 2431.2 millimetres. Eight red rainstorm warnings and two black rainstorm warnings were issued by the Observatory in the year. The number of days with thunderstorms reported in Hong Kong was 40 days in 2023, about 2 days less than the 1991-2020 normal.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Tropical cyclones<\/span><\/div>\n
\n
A total of 19 tropical cyclones occurred over the western North Pacific and the South China Sea in 2023, less than the long-term (1961-2020) average of about 30. There were 11 tropical cyclones reaching typhoon intensity[6]<\/sup>\u00a0or above during the year, less than the long-term average of about 15, and five of them reached super typhoon intensity (with maximum 10-minute wind speed of 185 km\/h or above near the centre). In Hong Kong<\/strong>, five tropical cyclones<\/strong> necessitated the issuance of tropical cyclone warning signals, slightly less than the long-term average of about six in a year. The Hurricane Signal No. 10 was issued during the passage of Saola in September, the Increasing Gale or Storm Signal No. 9 was issued during the passage of Koinu in October and the Gale or Storm Signal No. 8 was issued during the passage of Talim in July.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

Phoenix<\/h1>\n