{"id":7676,"date":"2024-03-26T23:24:30","date_gmt":"2024-03-26T15:24:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/?p=7676"},"modified":"2024-08-21T22:04:03","modified_gmt":"2024-08-21T14:04:03","slug":"%e4%b8%80%e6%ac%a1%e6%90%9e%e6%87%82-minimum-safety-altitude-decision-height-and-go-around-decision-point","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/aviation\/%e4%b8%80%e6%ac%a1%e6%90%9e%e6%87%82-minimum-safety-altitude-decision-height-and-go-around-decision-point\/","title":{"rendered":"\u4e00\u6b21\u641e\u61c2 Minimum Safety Altitude, Decision Height and \u201cGo-around Decision Point\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Reference : Skybrary\uff0cBoldmethod<\/p>\n<p>\u8a71\u8aaa\u4eca\u665a\u53c8\u98db\u6a5f\u53cb\u805a\u6703\u651e\u5230d \u9748\u611f\uff0c\u4eca\u665a\u5c31\u5b78\u5e7e\u500b\u751f\u5b57\u5566~<\/p>\n<h1>Decision Altitude\/Height (DA\/DH)<\/h1>\n<p>https:\/\/skybrary.aero\/articles\/decision-altitudeheight-dadh<\/p>\n<p>Definition<\/p>\n<p>The Decision Altitude (DA) or Decision Height (DH) is a specified altitude or height in the\u00a0<a title=\"Precision Approach\" href=\"https:\/\/skybrary.aero\/index.php\/Precision_Approach\">Precision Approach<\/a>\u00a0or approach with vertical guidance at which a\u00a0<a title=\"Missed Approach\" href=\"https:\/\/skybrary.aero\/index.php\/Missed_Approach\">Missed Approach<\/a>\u00a0must be initiated if the required\u00a0<a title=\"Visual References\" href=\"https:\/\/skybrary.aero\/index.php\/Visual_References\">visual reference<\/a>\u00a0to continue the approach has not been established. (ICAO Annex 6)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Decision altitude (<strong>DA<\/strong>) is referenced to <strong>mean sea level<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Decision height (<strong>DH<\/strong>) is referenced to the <strong>threshold elevation (AGL)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>The DH for\u00a0<a title=\"Precision Approach\" href=\"https:\/\/skybrary.aero\/index.php\/Precision_Approach\">Category II and III<\/a>\u00a0approaches is invariably assessed by reference to a\u00a0<a title=\"Radio Altimeter\" href=\"https:\/\/skybrary.aero\/index.php\/Radio_Altimeter\">radio altimeter<\/a>\u00a0and never a barometric\u00a0<a title=\"Altimeter\" href=\"https:\/\/skybrary.aero\/index.php\/Altimeter\">altimeter<\/a>; therefore the minima can only be expressed as DH and not DA. For approaches with DH of 200ft or higher, radio altimeter reading would be unreliable due to the unevenness of the terrain; therfore a barometric altimeter is always used and the minima may be expressed as DH or DA.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>The required visual reference means that section of the visual aids or of the approach area which should have been in view for sufficient time for the pilot to have made an assessment of the aircraft position and rate of change of position, in relation to the desired flight path. In Category III operations, the required visual reference is that specified for the particular procedure and operation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>For convenience where both expressions are used they may be written in the form &#8220;decision altitude\/height&#8221; and abbreviated &#8220;DA\/H&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a title=\"Missed Approach\" href=\"https:\/\/skybrary.aero\/index.php\/Missed_Approach\">Missed approach<\/a>\u00a0must be commenced at the DA\/H unless the required visual reference has been established. Calculation of the DA\/H takes into account that the aircraft will descend below the DA\/H during the missed approach.<\/p>\n<p>For more information regarding the calculation of DA\/H see\u00a0<a title=\"Aerodrome Operating Minima (page does not exist)\" href=\"https:\/\/skybrary.aero\/index.php?title=Aerodrome_Operating_Minima&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Aerodrome Operating Minima<\/a>\u00a0(AOM).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u91cd\u9ede\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>DH\/DA \u5462\u500bterms \u4fc2related to Precision Approach with vertical guidance (eg VNAV?)<\/li>\n<li>DH\/DA \u898b\u543e\u5230required visual reference \u5c31Go around \u5566<\/li>\n<li>DH \u4e0d\u7b49\u65bc DA &#8211; \u7747\u7528CAT\u5e7e \uff08\u56e0\u70ba\u6e2c\u91cfvertical distance\u65e2\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u540c\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1>Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA)<\/h1>\n<p>https:\/\/skybrary.aero\/articles\/minimum-safe-altitude-msa#:~:text=Minimum%20Safe%20Altitude%20(MSA)%20is,as%20such%20does%20not%20exist.<\/p>\n<p>Definition<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"Minimum Safe Altitude\" href=\"https:\/\/skybrary.aero\/index.php\/Minimum_Safe_Altitude\"><mark class=\"text-fragments-polyfill-target-text\">Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA)<\/mark><\/a><mark class=\"text-fragments-polyfill-target-text\">\u00a0is a generic expression, used in various cases to denote an altitude below which it is unsafe to fly owing to presence of terrain or obstacles. An ICAO definition of the term &#8220;minimum safe altitude&#8221; as such does not exist.<\/mark><\/p>\n<p>Description<\/p>\n<p>Minimum altitudes are calculated in relation to the highest terrain or obstacle within a specified area, allowing a buffer for error, and adding a specified margin.<\/p>\n<p>Minimum altitudes associated with\u00a0<a title=\"Controlled Airspace\" href=\"https:\/\/skybrary.aero\/index.php\/Controlled_Airspace\">Controlled Airspace<\/a>\u00a0may be published in the states&#8217;\u00a0<a title=\"AIP\" href=\"https:\/\/skybrary.aero\/index.php\/AIP\">AIPs<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The expression &#8220;minimum safe altitude&#8221; is also used in relation to the\u00a0<a title=\"MSAW\" href=\"https:\/\/skybrary.aero\/index.php\/MSAW\">Minimum Safe Altitude Warning (MSAW)<\/a>\u00a0function of ATC systems.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Note.<\/strong>\u00a0The acronym MSA is also often used as a substitute for &#8220;minimum safe altitude&#8221;. However, the\u00a0<a title=\"ICAO\" href=\"https:\/\/skybrary.aero\/index.php\/ICAO\">International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO)<\/a>\u00a0definition of the acronym MSA is\u00a0<a title=\"Minimum Sector Altitude\" href=\"https:\/\/skybrary.aero\/index.php\/Minimum_Sector_Altitude\">Minimum Sector Altitude (MSA)<\/a>. When the abbreviation MSA is encountered, care should be taken to establish which term it refers to.<\/p>\n<p>\u91cd\u9ede\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>ICAO definition \u6839\u672c\u7121\u5462\u500bterms, \u4f62\u4fc2\u4e00\u500bgeneric expression!<\/li>\n<li>\u4f62\u4fc2\u6307\u67d0\u5340\u57df\u5728\u8003\u616ehighest terrain\/obstacle\u540c\u57cb\u6709\u5bb9\u8a31buffer\u4e0b\u65e2\u6700\u4f4e\u5b89\u5168\u9ad8\u5ea6<\/li>\n<li>\u4fc2\u908a\u5230\u6435\u5230\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u4fc2controlled airspace \u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u7747AIP<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u56de\u6b78\u4eca\u65e5topic\uff0c\u5230\u5e95\u54a9\u4fc2 \u201cgo-around decision point\u201d ? \u5176\u5be6\u5462\u500bav\u754c\u6709\u7121\u5462\u6a23\u91ce\u6211\u771f\u4fc2\u543e\u77e5\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u6211\u505a\u770b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6587\u7ae0\u518d\u5538\u5538\uff0c\u5462\u689d\u554f\u984c\u672c\u8eab\u90fd\u4f0f\u4f0f\u5730\uff01<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1 class=\"page-post-title\" data-swiftype-index=\"true\">Why Calling &#8216;Go-Around&#8217; Is An Action, Not A Decision Point<\/h1>\n<p>https:\/\/www.boldmethod.com\/learn-to-fly\/maneuvers\/why-calling-go-around-is-an-action-and-not-a-decsion-point\/<\/p>\n<p>Multi-Crew Flight Deck: Seeing Something The Other Pilot Doesn&#8217;t<\/p>\n<p>In the airline world, when a crewmember calls a <a class=\"link-external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.boldmethod.com\/learn-to-fly\/maneuvers\/your-guide-to-flying-go-arounds\/\">go-around<\/a>, it&#8217;s treated as an action, NOT a decision point. This is for one big reason. Maybe there&#8217;s something the &#8220;pilot monitoring&#8221; sees that you don&#8217;t. Every approach should be &#8220;flown to a go-around&#8221; until a landing assured. It&#8217;s one of the reasons that Part 121 operations have such a good safety record.<\/p>\n<p>Go-arounds are penalty-free. On the other hand, ignoring a crewmember&#8217;s call for a go-around can lead to serious consequences, especially if there&#8217;s an impending threat that caused the pilot monitoring to call &#8220;go-around.&#8221; In the cases below, two separate pilots ignored go-around calls from their crewmembers. Give them a read, and below we&#8217;ll discuss how this applies to general aviation flying.<\/p>\n<div class=\"post-block-image\">\n<div class=\"post-block-image-outerframe\">\n<p>\u6709\u54a9\u60c5\u6cc1\u8981call go-around? \u53ef\u80fd\u4f8b\u5b50\u6709\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Case 1: Unstable RNAV GPS Approach<\/li>\n<li>Case 2: Windshear Alert At 300 Feet AGL<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In both cases, the pilot flying chose not to perform a go-around because they anticipated having the situation under control. Their focus was on managing a singular problem, like descent rate or airspeed control.<\/p>\n<p>In either case, the pilot monitoring could have seen something that the pilot flying did not. Whether it had been traffic pulling onto the runway, misalignment of approach course indications, or something else, there are plenty of reasons that could have prompted a &#8220;go-around&#8221; call.<\/p>\n<p>Fortunately, both of these cases without incident.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u4e0d\u904e\u6587\u7ae0\u5c31\u89e3\u91cb\u5176\u5be6PF\u6700\u7d42\u9084\u662f\u6c7a\u5b9aland, \u6240\u4ee5\u6587\u7ae0\u60f3\u5e36\u51fa\u5e7e\u500b\u91cd\u9ede\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>go around \u4fc2\u7121\u932f, PF \u5224\u65b7go around \u5c31 go around<\/li>\n<li>Go around \u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u9ede\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c\u4fc2\u6709\u679c\u500b\u53c3\u8003\u9ede\uff0c\u4f46\u5c31\u7b97\u5230\u5730\u6709\u554f\u984c\u9084\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5touch and go!<\/li>\n<li>\u4f46\u6709\u6642\u5f15\u81f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u8981go around \u65e2\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u771f\u4fc2\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6e9d\u901a\u4e0d\u8db3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8a71\u96d6\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u8b1b\u65e2\u90fd\u4fc2\u7d93\u9a57\u540c\u5be6\u6230\uff0c\u6211\u89ba\u5f97First-solo \u6642go around \u597d\u904e\u7092\u5de6\u6216\u8005\u6b7b\u57cb\uff0c\u4f46\u98db\u591a\u5e7e\u6b21\u6709\u756a\u5481\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7d93\u9a57\u5c31\u543e\u53ef\u4ee5\u91ce\u91cego around\uff0c\u8b1b\u65e2\u4fc2Airmanship, Professionalism, airline PF\u8981\u70ba\u6bcf\u500bgo around decision \u8ca0\u8cac \ud83d\ude33<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Reference : Skybrary\uff0cBoldmethod \u8a71\u8aaa\u4eca\u665a\u53c8\u98db\u6a5f\u53cb\u805a\u6703\u651e\u5230d \u9748\u611f\uff0c\u4eca\u665a\u5c31\u5b78\u5e7e\u500b\u751f\u5b57\u5566~ Decision Altitude\/Height (DA\/DH) https:\/\/skybrary.aero\/articles\/decision-altitudeheight-dadh Definition The Decision Altitude (DA) or Decision Height (DH) is a specified altitude or height in the\u00a0Precision Approach\u00a0or approach with vertical guidance at which a\u00a0Missed Approach\u00a0must be initiated if the required\u00a0visual reference\u00a0to continue the approach has not been established. (ICAO Annex 6) Decision altitude (DA) is<a class=\"read-more \" href=\"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/aviation\/%e4%b8%80%e6%ac%a1%e6%90%9e%e6%87%82-minimum-safety-altitude-decision-height-and-go-around-decision-point\/\" title=\"Read More\"> <span class=\"button default\">Read More<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[64],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7676","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-aviation"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7676","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7676"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7676\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9200,"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7676\/revisions\/9200"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7676"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7676"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7676"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}