{"id":10143,"date":"2025-08-24T12:26:41","date_gmt":"2025-08-24T04:26:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/?p=10143"},"modified":"2025-08-30T13:16:06","modified_gmt":"2025-08-30T05:16:06","slug":"%e6%ba%ab%e6%95%85%e7%9f%a5%e6%96%b0%e7%b3%bb%e5%88%97%e4%b9%8b-%e9%bb%9e%e8%a7%a3%e6%96%b0%e9%a3%9b%e6%a9%9f%e9%83%bd%e4%bf%82%e9%bb%83%e9%bb%83%e7%b6%a0%e7%b6%a0-aircraft-structure","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/aviation\/%e6%ba%ab%e6%95%85%e7%9f%a5%e6%96%b0%e7%b3%bb%e5%88%97%e4%b9%8b-%e9%bb%9e%e8%a7%a3%e6%96%b0%e9%a3%9b%e6%a9%9f%e9%83%bd%e4%bf%82%e9%bb%83%e9%bb%83%e7%b6%a0%e7%b6%a0-aircraft-structure\/","title":{"rendered":"\u6eab\u6545\u77e5\u65b0\u7cfb\u5217\u4e4b: \u9ede\u89e3\u65b0\u98db\u6a5f\u90fd\u4fc2\u9ec3\u9ec3\u7da0\u7da0 (Aircraft Structure)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u661f\u671f\u5929\u53c8\u662f\u8f15\u9b06\u5f97\u9ece\u8981\u8a8d\u771f\u65e2\u4e00\u65e5, \u6eab\u4e0b\u66f8&#8230;\u53c8\u5b78\u591a\u4e00\u9ede\u9ede~<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/static1.simpleflyingimages.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/shutterstock_1567134316-copy.jpg\" alt=\"Unpainted Boeing 767 Freighter Aerial View\" width=\"541\" height=\"304\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u9ede\u89e3\u65b0\u98db\u6a5f\u90fd\u4fc2\u9ec3\u9ec3\u7da0\u7da0?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The paint used is a green zinc chromate or zinc phosphate primer, which manufacturers apply to newly built aircraft to prevent corrosion.<\/p>\n<p>\u7121\u610f\u4e2d\u53c8\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u539f\u4f86HX (Hong Kong Airline) \u4fc2A350 launch airline<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.airbus.com\/en\/newsroom\/press-releases\/2017-09-hong-kong-airlines-becomes-new-operator-of-the-a350-xwb\">https:\/\/www.airbus.com\/en\/newsroom\/press-releases\/2017-09-hong-kong-airlines-becomes-new-operator-of-the-a350-xwb<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u597d&#8230;\u4eca\u65e5\u5c31\u7c21\u55ae\u6eab\u4e0b Chapter 3 : Aircraft Construction<\/p>\n<p>\u54a9\u4fc2Aircraft? (\u53c8\u4fc2back to basic \u7cfb\u5217?) &#8230;\u7a81\u7136\u5538\u8fd4\u8b80AOM \u679c\u9663\u5b78\u65e2\u91ce!<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/applications.icao.int\/postalhistory\/annex_7_aircraft_nationality_and_registration_marks.htm#:~:text=According%20to%20Annex%207%20%2D%20Aircraft,heavier%2Dthan%2Dair%20craft.\">https:\/\/applications.icao.int\/postalhistory\/annex_7_aircraft_nationality_and_registration_marks.htm#:~:text=According%20to%20Annex%207%20%2D%20Aircraft,heavier%2Dthan%2Dair%20craft.<\/a><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong><em>Aircraft<\/em> <\/strong>is defined as any <strong>machine<\/strong> that can derive <strong>support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air<\/strong> other than the reactions of the air against the earth\u2019s surface<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to\u00a0<em><strong>Annex 7<\/strong> &#8211; Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks<\/em>\u00a0to the<strong> ICAO Chicago Convention<\/strong>, an\u00a0<em>aircraft<\/em>\u00a0is defined as any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air other than the reactions of the air against the earth\u2019s surface. It is a generic term.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The classification of <strong>different types<\/strong> of aircraft is provided hereafter according to the same Annex 7:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lighter-than-air aircraft: Any aircraft supported chiefly by its buoyancy in the air. It includes:<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Non-power-driven balloons (free balloons, and captive or tethered balloons), and<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Power-driven airships.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Heavier-than-air: Any aircraft deriving its lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic forces. It includes:<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Non-power-driven aircraft (gliders and kites), and<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Power-driven aircraft (aeroplanes, rotorcrafts such as gyroplane and helicopters, and ornithopters).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many classifications of aircraft are conceivable. On the basis of ICAO\u2019s classification, let\u2019s define a few words taken from Chapter 1 of Annex 7. An\u00a0<strong><em>aeroplane<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0<strong><em>airplane<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0is an <strong>aircraft<\/strong>, deriving its lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which remain fixed under given conditions of flight; it is the generic term describing most heavier-than-air craft.<\/p>\n<p>\u5629&#8230;\u641e\u5230\u597d\u8907\u96dc&#8230;\u7c21\u55aeD&#8230; my words: a<strong> heavier-than-air machine which can maintain in the atmosphere from aerodynamic reactions<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u81f3\u65bc\u9ede\u89e3\u8981\u642cICAO \u689d Chicago Convention \u51fa\u9ece&#8230;\u4fc2\u56e0\u70ba\u9999\u6e2f\u7b2c448\u7ae0 \u300a\u6c11\u822a\u689d\u4f8b\u300bCap. 448 Civil Aviation Ordinance\u6839\u672c\u7121\u5b9a\u7fa9\u904e\u54a9\u4fc2aicraft&#8230;\u4f46\u6709\u63d0Power to give effect to Chicago Convention and regulate air navigation<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.elegislation.gov.hk\/hk\/cap448!en-zh-Hant-HK\">https:\/\/www.elegislation.gov.hk\/hk\/cap448!en-zh-Hant-HK<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"hklm_term\"><strong>Chicago Convention\u00a0(\u300a\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u516c\u7d04\u300b)<\/strong> means the Convention on International Civil Aviation which, on<strong> 7 December 1944<\/strong>, was opened for signature at the International Civil Aviation Conference held at Chicago;<\/div>\n<div class=\"embed-container\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Freedoms of the Air | ATPL Theory - Air Law\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/VNwSNE5CcEc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<div>\u81f3\u65bc\u5c11\u5c11BACKGROUND TIM \u5566&#8230;\u00a0<strong><em>International Civil Aviation Organization<\/em>\u00a0(<em>ICAO<\/em>)<\/strong> is the International Civil Aviation Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations that <strong>coordinates the principles<\/strong> and techniques of international <strong>air navigation<\/strong>, and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to <strong>ensure safe and orderly growth.<\/strong><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\u4ee5USA \u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u96bb\u51fa\u5ee0\u65e2\u98db\u6a5f\u90fd\u7531FAA cert\u5de6 &#8211; Type Certificate (TC) : means the aircraft complies with the applicable airworthiness standards. When the TC is issued, a Type Certificate Data Sheet (TCDS) is generated that specifies the important design and operational characteristics of the aircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller. The TCDS defines the product and are available to the public from the FAA website at www.faa.gov.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"embed-container\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"A Complex Matter: Multinational Certification Of Commercial Aircraft\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ghwjbEaNuZE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Aircraft-construction.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10145\" src=\"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Aircraft-construction.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"688\" height=\"458\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Aircraft-construction.png 688w, https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Aircraft-construction-300x200.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 688px) 100vw, 688px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Major components<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Most airplane structures include :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>fuselage<\/li>\n<li>wings<\/li>\n<li>empennage<\/li>\n<li>landing gear<\/li>\n<li>powerplant<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Fuselage<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Truss type\u00a0 : tension and compression (stress) rely on the framework<\/li>\n<li>Skin stressed type (monocoque, semimonocoque) : stress rely on the skin<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"embed-container\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Aircraft Fuselage || Parts and types || Truss || skin stressed || Monocoque structure\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/pmZga5ah2jg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<div class=\"embed-container\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Aircraft Fuselage| Truss v Monocoque\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/-KtCnefDrXw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p><strong>Wing<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>From mounting perspective : high- , mid- , low-<\/li>\n<li>From supporting perspective: full cantilever , semi-cantilever (with no external braces\/wing structs)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/wing-component.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10158\" src=\"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/wing-component.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"992\" height=\"657\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/wing-component.png 992w, https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/wing-component-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/wing-component-768x509.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 992px) 100vw, 992px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"embed-container\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Aircraft Wings | Wing Construction\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/S_nttsaVfms?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p><strong>Landing Gear<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"embed-container\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"DA42 NG\/VI Landing Gear System Explained\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/s3bWFLFgkwY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p><strong>Advantages of Composites<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>lighter weight<\/li>\n<li>can make a smooth, compound curved, aerodynamic structure (reduces drag)<\/li>\n<li>help mask the radar signal (for certain purpose)<\/li>\n<li>Lack of corrosion<\/li>\n<li>not suffer from metal fatigue<\/li>\n<li>lower long-term maintenance costs<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Disadvantages of Composites<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>lack of visual proof of damage<\/li>\n<li>Low energy impacts can easily cause hidden damage (hard to be detected)<\/li>\n<li>specific recommendations on allowable paint colors (heat damage)<\/li>\n<li>insulator (fiberglass) \/ poor electricity conductor (carbon fiber) &#8211; additional electrical conductivity needs to be added to the outside layer<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"embed-container\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Inside a Single-Engine Aircraft | How a Cessna 172 Works\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/DvCv2SuKCE8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Reference:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/simpleflying.com\/why-are-newly-built-airplanes-green\/\">https:\/\/simpleflying.com\/why-are-newly-built-airplanes-green\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u661f\u671f\u5929\u53c8\u662f\u8f15\u9b06\u5f97\u9ece\u8981\u8a8d\u771f\u65e2\u4e00\u65e5, \u6eab\u4e0b\u66f8&#8230;\u53c8\u5b78\u591a\u4e00\u9ede\u9ede~ \u9ede\u89e3\u65b0\u98db\u6a5f\u90fd\u4fc2\u9ec3\u9ec3\u7da0\u7da0? The paint used is a green zinc chromate or zinc phosphate primer, which manufacturers apply to newly built aircraft to prevent corrosion. \u7121\u610f\u4e2d\u53c8\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u539f\u4f86HX (Hong Kong Airline) \u4fc2A350 launch airline https:\/\/www.airbus.com\/en\/newsroom\/press-releases\/2017-09-hong-kong-airlines-becomes-new-operator-of-the-a350-xwb &nbsp; \u597d&#8230;\u4eca\u65e5\u5c31\u7c21\u55ae\u6eab\u4e0b Chapter 3 : Aircraft Construction \u54a9\u4fc2Aircraft? (\u53c8\u4fc2back to basic \u7cfb\u5217?) &#8230;\u7a81\u7136\u5538\u8fd4\u8b80AOM \u679c\u9663\u5b78\u65e2\u91ce! https:\/\/applications.icao.int\/postalhistory\/annex_7_aircraft_nationality_and_registration_marks.htm#:~:text=According%20to%20Annex%207%20%2D%20Aircraft,heavier%2Dthan%2Dair%20craft. Aircraft is defined as any machine that<a class=\"read-more \" href=\"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/aviation\/%e6%ba%ab%e6%95%85%e7%9f%a5%e6%96%b0%e7%b3%bb%e5%88%97%e4%b9%8b-%e9%bb%9e%e8%a7%a3%e6%96%b0%e9%a3%9b%e6%a9%9f%e9%83%bd%e4%bf%82%e9%bb%83%e9%bb%83%e7%b6%a0%e7%b6%a0-aircraft-structure\/\" title=\"Read More\"> <span class=\"button default\">Read More<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[64],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10143","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-aviation"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10143","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10143"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10143\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10165,"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10143\/revisions\/10165"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10143"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10143"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tommykwan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10143"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}